15 December 2016
DOB Equity has announced today that it has taken up a stake in Countryside Dairy Ltd at a publicly undisclosed value as part of a commitment to increase social impact investment deals in Kenya. By investing in Countryside Dairy Ltd, the Private Equity fu…
Read more »02 December 2016
Synergy Private Equity Fund (SPEF) is pleased to announce the completion of its investment in MSY Analytics Group (MSY), a technology driven professional services and data analytics company focused on increasing corporate human capital productivity and or…
Read more »24 November 2016
LeapFrog Investments, a leading specialist investor in emerging markets, today announced its acquisition of a US$22mn majority stake in Kenya’s GoodLife Pharmacy, the largest direct investment in the East African retail pharmacy sector to date. LeapFrog …
Read more »23 November 2016
East Africa focused private equity firm Catalyst Principal Partners (Catalyst) has announced its exit from pharmaceutical retailer Goodlife Pharmacy where it held a controlling stake. Catalyst sold its stake to LeapFrog Investments, a private equity inves…
Read more »10 November 2016
Adenia Partners, a private equity fund manager focused on mid-cap buyouts and growth capital investments in Sub-Saharan Africa, has launched Adenia Capital (IV), its fourth follow-on fund vehicle, securing EUR180mn of LP commitments in a first closing thi…
Read more »10 November 2016
Flint Atlantic Capital Partners (Flint Atlantic), a Nigerian based healthcare impact investment firm, has announced an investment into Africa Healthcare Network (AHN), the largest dialysis and kidney care services chain in Rwanda. The investment was made …
Read more »02 November 2016
Capria, a global impact investment firm focused on the “missing middle” finance opportunity by advancing the next generation of impact fund managers in emerging markets, today announced that the Capria Accelerator Fund has reached its final close at US$5.…
Read more »01 November 2016
AfricInvest, one of the key Pan-African midcap private equity firms, is pleased to announce that its Maghreb Private Equity Fund II (MPEF II) has successfully sold its 20.06% stake in the Group Cotugrain Hortimag (Cotugrain Hortimag) to a consortium compo…
Read more »21 October 2016
Cauris Management, first private equity fund manager in Francophone West Africa, sold its shares in Atlantic Business International (ABI). Common holding between the Moroccan group Banque Centrale Populaire (BCP) and the Ivorian Atlantic Financial Group …
Read more »14 October 2016
Musa Capital Namibia, an affiliate of the South African-based company, Musa Group (Pty) Ltd, recently held the first close of its Namibia Mid-Cap Fund. The Fund was launched with capital from the Government Institutions Pension Fund (GIPF), and is Musa G…
Read more »13 October 2016
The Abraaj Group (Abraaj or the Group), a leading investor operating in global growth markets, today announced that it has acquired a minority stake in Indorama Fertilizers B.V. (Indorama Fertilizers), the largest urea fertilizer manufacturer in Sub-Sahar…
Read more »12 October 2016
Synergy Capital Managers (Synergy), through its Synergy Private Equity Fund (SPEF), has completed an equity investment in Vester Oil Mill Limited Ghana (Vester), a multiproduct company producing oilseed meals and oilseed crude oils including soybean, palm…
Read more »12 October 2016
Mediterrania Capital Partners, the regional Private Equity firm focusing on growth investments for companies in North African and Sub-Saharan countries, announces the acquisition through its second fund, Mediterrania Capital II, of a stake in Université P…
Read more »10 October 2016
Catalyst Principal Partners (Catalyst), a leading East African focused private equity firm, has acquired a controlling stake in Zenufa Laboratories Ltd. in Tanzania. Zenufa is one of the leading pharmaceutical manufacturers in Tanzania with its factory r…
Read more »04 October 2016
Investec Asset Management, through its Africa Private Equity capability, has acquired a significant shareholding in Mobisol, a leading provider of off-grid solar home systems (SHS) in Africa. Investec Asset Management will partner with Mobisol’s founder m…
Read more »04 October 2016
To promote private-sector investments in clean energy in Jordan and the MENA region, DEG – Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, invests in Catalyst MENA Clean Energy Fund L.P. (Catalyst). Catalyst makes investments in renewable energy …
Read more »30 September 2016
Development Partners International (DPI), one of the leading African private equity specialists with US$1.1bn under management, has acquired through its ADP II fund a stake in Général Emballage, the leading packaging business in Algeria, which specialises…
Read more »29 September 2016
AfricInvest, one of the key Pan-African midcap private equity firms, is pleased to announce that its Maghreb Private Equity Fund II (MPEF II) has successfully concluded its exit from Général Emballage (GE) a leader in the manufacturing and processing of c…
Read more »28 September 2016
Global Alternative Asset Manager, The Carlyle Group (Carlyle), today announced that it has agreed to acquire a majority share of Amrod, a fast-growing supplier of promotional products and clothing, serving distributors in South Africa and neighbouring cou…
Read more »26 September 2016
The insurance sector is an engine for the economic and social development of Africa. It is for this reason that Proparco is supporting the expansion of Activa Group via an equity investment. Proparco has committed a EUR10mn equity investment in Activa Gr…
Read more »23 September 2016
Adenia Partners, a private equity fund manager focused on growth opportunities and mid-cap buyouts in Sub-Saharan Africa, announced a majority investment in Ademat, a leading business service company in Côte d’Ivoire active in the power sector. This trans…
Read more »22 September 2016
Oasis Capital Ghana has completed the first close of its second fund, Oasis Africa VC Fund (OAF) at US$27mn. The Fund, anchored by the Dutch Good Growth Fund (DGGF) at US$5mn, has secured commitments of US$7mn from the International Finance Corporation (I…
Read more »22 September 2016
Lancé en juillet 2016, le fonds de Co-Localisation Franco-Tunisien (FCFT) géré par Siparex et AfricInvest, destiné à développer le partenariat économique entre la France et la Tunisie, réalise deux premières opérations, en investissant dans le groupe MAS,…
Read more »22 September 2016
Oando PLC ( Oando or the Group), an integrated oil and gas company headquartered in Nigeria, has announced the execution of a definitive agreement with a vehicle owned by funds advised by Helios Investment Partners LLP (Helios), to acquire 49% of the voti…
Read more »13 September 2016
Development Partners International (DPI), one of the leading African private equity specialists with US$1.1bn under management, has agreed to subscribe to a US$100mn capital increase through its ADP II Fund in Atlantic Business International (ABI). ABI is…
Read more »06 September 2016
African Capital Alliance (ACA) today announced that it has raised a total of approximately US$570mn of committed capital for its fourth private equity fund, Capital Alliance Private Equity IV Limited ("CAPE IV" or the "Fund"). As a result, ACA has become …
Read more »02 September 2016
Actis, a leading growth markets investor, today announced a significant investment in Medis Group (Medis), a prominent branded generic pharmaceuticals business in Tunisia and Algeria. Actis has acquired a meaningful stake in the business from Africinvest,…
Read more »30 August 2016
DOB Equity, a leading Dutch family office, announced that it had taken a minority stake in Twiga Foods, the Kenyan wholesaler, to expand its reach in the fast growing African micro-vendor food market. DOB Equity says Twiga Foods’ integrated and tech-enab…
Read more »22 August 2016
African financial technology company Zoona has successfully raised US$15mn (ZAR200mn) in a second round of financing. This Series B round is led by the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group, and will help Zoona scale up…
Read more »19 August 2016
An investment consortium led by 8 Miles LLP, the pan-African Private Equity firm, and made up of 8 Miles, African Capital Alliance (ACA), a leading Sub-Saharan Africa focused Private Equity firm, and Deutsche Investitions und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH …
Read more »19 August 2016
An investment consortium made up of African Capital Alliance (ACA), 8 Miles and Deutsche Investitions und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH (DEG), has announced an investment in Beloxxi Industries Limited (‘Beloxxi’ or ‘the Company’), a market leading Nigerian…
Read more »19 August 2016
Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbh (DEG) announced an investment in the Nigerian Beloxxi Industries Ltd. (Beloxxi) with around US$10mn, with which the biscuit manufacturer plans to expand its production. Further investors are the inve…
Read more »02 August 2016
Sahel Capital, Fund Managers for the Fund for Agricultural Finance in Nigeria (FAFIN), announced its most recent investment – in Dayntee Farms Limited, a commercial poultry farm located in Kwara State, in the North Central region of Nigeria. Founded in …
Read more »22 July 2016
Africa Finance Corporation (AFC) has announced that it is acting as lead arranger for an up to US$425mn senior mezzanine facility for New Age (African Global Energy) Limited (New Age), a privately held oil and gas exploration, development, and production …
Read more »21 July 2016
Development Partners International (DPI), one of the leading African private equity specialists with US$1.1bn under management, has through its ADP II fund concluded an investment and strategic partnership with Egypt’s leading household appliances and con…
Read more »18 July 2016
The Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF,) through its investment manager Public Investment Corporation (PIC), has announced an investment commitment of ZAR10.5bn into SA Home Loans (SAHL) to facilitate housing financing for qualifying government emplo…
Read more »14 July 2016
LeapFrog Investments today announced that its portfolio companies now employ 102,438 people in Asia, Africa and Latin America. “Nothing sustains a family more than a secure job. Each job typically supports a family of five in our focus countries, while b…
Read more »13 July 2016
CDC, the UK’s development finance institution, announced a EUR50mn equity investment in Africa Internet Group (AIG). AIG is the parent company of Jumia, Africa’s leading e-commerce firm, as well as nine other online consumer businesses operating in 23 cou…
Read more »07 July 2016
Metier Capital Growth Fund II completed further closings to June 2016, raising in excess of ZAR2.5bn, with further commitments expected by final closing. The fund is the successor fund to the Capital Growth Fund of 2006/7 which invested in eight portfoli…
Read more »05 July 2016
African Infrastructure Investment Managers (AIIM) has announced the successful sale of investments in three privately-concessioned toll roads in Southern Africa. Acting as the manager of the South Africa Infrastructure Fund (SAIF), AIIM successfully concl…
Read more »29 June 2016
Alitheia Identity Managers (Alitheia Identity) announced a partnership with Capria Ventures (Capria), a global impact investment firm that works with local fund managers to accelerate the flow of capital in emerging markets. Female entrepreneurs, women-le…
Read more »28 June 2016
Lekela Power, a joint venture between leading growth markets investor, Actis (US$6.3bn funds under management) and global renewable energy developer, Mainstream Renewable Power (over 10,000 MW in development, construction and operations) announced the acq…
Read more »28 June 2016
Denham Capital, a leading global energy-focused private equity firm, and GreenWish Partners, a renewable energy investment company dedicated to sub-Saharan Africa, today announced a partnership to develop, build and finance a portfolio of 600 megawatts (M…
Read more »23 June 2016
Pareto Limited and Business Venture Investments No. 1360 (Proprietary) Limited (Pareto) announced the successful conclusion of an equity raising transaction with Belelani Capital, a Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) company. The subscription by…
Read more »22 June 2016
Injaro Agricultural Capital Holdings Limited (IACHL), the impact investment fund managed by Injaro Investments, announces an investment in Ghana’s pineapple sector. IACHL, through its Ghanaian subsidiary Injaro Agricultural Venture Capital Limited (IAVCL)…
Read more »21 June 2016
Helios Investment Partners (acting on behalf of Helios Investors, L.P.) and including The Pembani Group, First City Monument Bank and IFC, announced the completion of the sale of HTN Towers (“HTN”), the pioneer of tower infrastructure sharing in Africa, t…
Read more »21 June 2016
UK private equity firm, Helios Investment Partners, announced the acquisition of a 60% shareholding in Telkom Kenya by Jamhuri Holdings Limited (JHL), a company owned 100% by HeIios Investors III, L.P. (a fund advised by Helios Investment Partners LLP) fo…
Read more »21 June 2016
Barnstone Education and the Schools and Education Investment Impact Fund South Africa (an initiative established for the provision of low fee independent schools and managed by Old Mutual Alternative Investments) have announced an additional investment as…
Read more »07 June 2016
Mediterrania Capital Partners, the regional private equity firm focusing on growth investments for companies in North African and sub-Saharan countries, announces the acquisition through its second fund, Mediterrania Capital II, of a stake in MedTech Grou…
Read more »03 June 2016
Actis, a leading growth markets investor, has announced that it has reached final closing on its third opportunistic private real estate fund, Actis Africa Real Estate Fund 3 (“ARE3”) with commitments totalling more than US$500mn, comfortably exceeding it…
Read more »26 May 2016
Actis has invested in Mundiapolis University (Mundiapolis), a top ranking private university in Morocco, as a bolt-on acquisition to its investment in Emerging Markets Knowledge Holdings. Actis is investing in Mundiapolis to support an ambitious developme…
Read more »25 May 2016
The Carlyle Group announced an investment in Mazarine Energy B.V., an upstream oil and gas company with existing assets in Tunisia. Carlyle will also grant Mazarine Energy access to an equity line of up to US$500mn to fund future bolt-on acquisitions, foc…
Read more »19 May 2016
IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, today announced an investment commitment of US$40mn in equity to Growthpoint Investec African Properties Limited, a property investment holding company led by Investec Asset Management and Growthpoint Properties. It …
Read more »10 May 2016
CDC Group plc (CDC), the UK’s development finance institution, has announced a new US$140mn investment designed to boost the local supply of cement in East Africa and promote infrastructure development. CDC is investing in ARM Cement Limited (“ARM”), a p…
Read more »04 May 2016
The Abraaj Group (‘Abraaj’ or the ‘Group’), a leading investor operating in global growth markets, today announced that it has successfully exited its investment in leading Tunisian pharmaceutical company Unité de fabrication de médicaments (‘Unimed’ or t…
Read more »03 May 2016
Adenia Partners, a private equity fund manager focused on growth opportunities and mid-cap buyouts in Sub-Saharan Africa, has backed Opham, the leading pharmaceutical products wholesaler in Madagascar. Opham distributes more than 4,500 specialty and gener…
Read more »27 April 2016
CDC Group plc (CDC), the UK’s development finance institution, has announced it will take a 10.68 per cent equity stake in the Nairobi-headquartered banking group I&M Holdings (IMHL). The investment underlines CDC’s commitment to supporting lending to…
Read more »27 April 2016
8 Miles LLP, the pan-African Private Equity firm announced an investment in Verde Beef Processing PLC, an Ethiopian agribusiness that specialises in producing premium beef in Adami Tulu, Oromia in Ethiopia. The investment of new money will give 8 Miles a …
Read more »27 April 2016
Mediterrania Capital Partners, the regional private equity firm focusing on growth investments for SMEs in North Africa and Sub-Saharan countries, announces the acquisition of a 43% stake in Cieptal Cars through its second fund Mediterrania Capital II (“M…
Read more »27 April 2016
Mediterrania Capital Partners, the regional private equity firm focusing on growth investments for companies in North African and Sub-Saharan countries, announces the acquisition through its second fund (“MC II”) and alongside Euromena III (the latest of …
Read more »25 April 2016
East Africa focused private equity firm Catalyst Principal Partners has announced its investment in Orbit Chemical Industries Ltd. The investment enables Orbit Chemical’s ambitious expansion plans by increasing capacity of its existing lines, extending it…
Read more »18 April 2016
Kibo Capital Partners, a manager of regional private equity funds, announced today an investment in General Cargo Group, a leading provider of logistics services in Kenya by Kibo Fund II. Kibo has partnered with Velogic, a Mauritius based regional logisti…
Read more »12 April 2016
PCM Capital Partners has announced a EUR5mn equity investment by its maiden fund the West Africa Emerging Markets Growth Fund (WAEMGF) in Surfline Communications Limited (Surfline). Surfline is the leading provider of 4G LTE data and other related service…
Read more »31 March 2016
Helios, the pan-African investment firm, is set to deliver a postcolonial turnround with a deal for key divisions of Crown Agents — a company which was once a pillar of the British empire. The deal for Crown Agents Bank and its sister asset management co…
Read more »30 March 2016
AfricInvest, a leading pan-African mid-cap-focused private equity firm, is pleased to announce that its Maghreb Private Equity Fund III has invested in Outsourcia Group (“Outsourcia”), a Moroccan leadingcontact center and business process outsourcing (BPO…
Read more »24 March 2016
Synergy Capital Managers (Synergy) has announced the completion of its investment in Suburban Fiber Company Limited (Suburban), a Next Generation Broadband company focused on delivering home content solutions to retail end customers in Abuja and Lagos. Th…
Read more »24 March 2016
The Board of Directors of the African Development Bank (AfDB) has approved a US$25mn equity investment in the Abraaj Growth Markets Health (Africa) Fund (the “Fund”), the Africa focused parallel partnership of the Abraaj Growth Markets Health Fund. This c…
Read more »23 March 2016
Microcred Group (Microcred) and AfricInvest Financial Sector Fund (AfricInvest) are pleased to announcethey have reached an agreement to acquire a 100% ownership stake in MicroKing Finance (Private)Limited (MicroKing), a leading provider of microfinance p…
Read more »23 March 2016
Charles Russell Speechlys (CRS) has acted as legal adviser to the management team of Emerging Markets Payments (EMP), the leading Africa and Middle East payments business, on the sale of EMP by Actis to Network International. Actis is the private equity f…
Read more »16 March 2016
The Abraaj Group (“Abraaj”), a leading investor operating in global growth markets, today announced the formation of a dedicated project development arm to further extend its investment capabilities in the energy infrastructure space. As a member of The A…
Read more »16 March 2016
The founders of Agri-Vie Investment Fund, the African private equity fund focused on the food and agribusiness sector, and pan-African asset manager STANLIB, are proud to announce the formation of EXEO Capital - an Africa-focused private equity partnershi…
Read more »10 March 2016
AfricInvest, a leading pan-African mid-cap-focused private equity firm, is pleased to announce that itsAfricInvest Fund III has invested in Silafrica Plastics and Packaging International Limited (“Silafrica”), theleading East African plastics and packagin…
Read more »10 March 2016
Acting on behalf of funds to which it is advisor, Helios Investment Partners (“Helios”) today announced it has agreed the sale of HTN Towers (“HTN”), the pioneer tower company in Nigeria, to IHS Towers (“IHS”), the largest telecommunications infrastructur…
Read more »07 March 2016
Qalaa Holdings (CCAP.CA on the Egyptian Exchange), an African leader in energy and infrastructure, announced today that its business unit Finance Unlimited has finalized the sale of its entire holding in subsidiary Tanmeyah Microenterprise Services, Egypt…
Read more »03 March 2016
Actis, a leading growth markets investor, today confirmed an agreement to sell Emerging Markets Payments (‘EMP’), the leading Africa and Middle East payments business, to Network International. The transaction is subject to regulatory approvals.Actis esta…
Read more »24 February 2016
Old Mutual Private Equity (OMPE), a division within Old Mutual Alternative Investments, has bought a 70% stake in MoreCorp, best known as the owner of The Pro Shop, World of Golf, Playmoregolf and Cycle Lab. Additional shareholders include MoreCorp co-fou…
Read more »22 February 2016
Africa Finance Corporation (AFC) has completed the purchase of InfraCo Africa’s stake in the Cabeólica Wind Farm. The deal follows the share purchase agreement signed on 6 May 2015 in which AFC agreed to purchase InfraCo Africa’s remaining stake in the pr…
Read more »22 February 2016
Enko Capital Managers is pleased to announce it has successfully reached a US$83.25 million final close of its Pan-African fund, the Enko Africa Private Equity Fund (EAPEF). Significant second close investors included Proparco, through its FISEA window, a…
Read more »19 February 2016
IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, today announced an investment in Nigeria-based Indorama Eleme Fertilizer Company to support the expansion of the country’s largest fertilizer production facility. The investment will contribute to improved farm yield…
Read more »18 February 2016
Synergy Capital is pleased to announce the completion of the investment in Africa Terminals Limited, a spin off from DuPort Marine, a trading logistics and maritime company with over eight years’ experience operating in the Nigerian downstream segment. …
Read more »18 February 2016
ACA today announced its investment in Continental Reinsurance Plc, a private pan-African reinsurer. Continental Reinsurance was founded in 1985 and started operations as a private reinsurance company in Nigeria. Over the past 31 years the company has exp…
Read more »12 February 2016
Investec Asset Management has successfully closed its sophomore fund, the Investec Africa Private Equity Fund 2 (IAPEF 2) at US$295mn. The investor base includes pension funds, endowments, fund of funds and development finance insti…
Read more »12 February 2016
12th February, 2016 - AfricInvest and Siparex are pleased to announce the first closing of the “Fonds de Co-Localisation Franco-Tunisien” (FCFT), promoted and equally subscribed by French and Tunisian state investors - Bpifrance (France) and Caisse des Dé…
Read more »11 February 2016
Amethis Finance (Amethis) is pleased to announce that it has completed, together with the two other main shareholders of the company, WAEMGF and the Kadio-Morokro family, a capital increase of PetroIvoire. Amethis and WAEMGF will also appoint additional …
Read more »28 January 2016
Verod Capital is pleased to announce the final close of Verod Capital Growth Fund II (“Verod Fund II”) at $115mn, exceeding its original target of $100mn. Verod Fund II is supported by a diverse group of prominent global investors and includes a mix of fu…
Read more »28 January 2016
Cape Town, South Africa, 13 January 2016: Old Mutual Private Equity (OMPE), a division within Old Mutual Alternative Investments, has announced that it has acquired a significant minority stake in In2food, a leading convenience food manufacturing business…
Read more »27 January 2016
LeapFrog Investments (“LeapFrog”), a specialist investor in emerging markets on Wednesday announced that LeapFrog has acquired a majority stake in UT Life Insurance Company Ltd (“UT Life”), one of the key players in the life insurance sector in Ghana. Thi…
Read more »26 January 2016
The West Africa Emerging Markets Growth Fund ("WAEMGF") has announced an investment in Ghana’s First Atlantic Bank Ghana Limited (FABL). The investment was made through AA Global Investments Limited (AAGIL), a Mauritius registered Special Purpose Vehicle …
Read more »21 January 2016
Prudential Financial, Inc. (NYSE: PRU) and LeapFrog Investments announced today the launch of a US$350 million investment partnership to access high-growth markets in Africa. Managed by LeapFrog, the new investment vehicle will target investments in life …
Read more »18 January 2016
Tunis, Tunisia, 18 January 2016: The Abraaj Group (‘Abraaj’ or the ‘Group’), an investor operating in global growth markets, today announced the acquisition, through its second generation North Africa Fund (‘ANAF II’), of a stake in Société d’Articles Hyg…
Read more »18 January 2016
Kibo Capital Partners, a provider of growth capital in East Africa, Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean islands, today announced the second close of its Kibo Fund II. The total fund size increased to about US$58 million with investors including Nile Hold…
Read more »14 January 2016
Mediterrania Capital Partners, the regional Private Equity firm focusing in growth investments for SMEs in North Africa and Sub-Saharan countries, announces a full exit of Cepro ("Cellulose Processing"), a manufacturer and distributor of baby diapers and …
Read more »11 January 2016
The Abraaj Group (‘Abraaj’ or the ‘Group’), an investor operating in global growth markets, today announced the acquisition, through its second generation North Africa Fund (‘ANAF II’), of a significant minority stake in Cellulose Processing (‘CEPRO’ or t…
Read more »07 January 2016
Lagos, Nigeria, January 7, 2016 – IFC, a member of the World Bank Group; together with IFHA-II Cooperatief, a private equity fund focused on investing in the healthcare sector in Sub-Saharan Africa; Swiss Re, the reinsurance company; and CIEL Healthcare A…
Read more »25 November 2015
Cape Town, South Africa, 25 November 2015: Old Mutual Alternative Investments (OMAI), a boutique of Old Mutual Investment Group, has announced an agreement to acquire the 50% of African Infrastructure Investment Managers (AIIM) that it does not already ow…
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We are pleased to welcome Verod Capital Management, as a sponsor of the 16th Annual AVCA Conference. Hear from PE i… https://t.co/sfDA6aRMku
Africa accounts for almost 50% of @Proparco annual investment activity. Hear Deputy CEO Djalal Khimdjee, discuss th… https://t.co/qgTUSvX7bq
We are pleased to announce @CDCgroup as a sponsor of the AVCA 16th Annual Conference. @CDCgroup is committed to inv… https://t.co/9eX40WmHnV
@AVCA_Africa is honoured to announce H.E @UKenyatta as the Keynote Speaker at the AVCA 16th Annual Conference. Regi… https://t.co/fp53hGwe0x
93% of institutional investors in @AVCA_Africa new report can back generalist funds, while only 7% seek investments… https://t.co/zzcFwUwQBB
